A Standard Definition Of Ethics - 1328 Words

A standard definition of ethics might be: †the science of morals,† with morals being defined as: â€Å"conforming to, or regulated by what is right† (The Cassell Concise Dictionary, 2012). Defining business ethics is a topic which has numerous opinions; definitions refer to the rightness or wrongness of behavior. What is morally right or wrong, ethical or unethical is not often agreed upon. (Phillip 1985). A person’s ethically beliefs stem from personal opinion which can include, environmental ethics, political ethics, ethics relating to religion, culture and acceptable norms of behavior in that persons environment. Companies are feeling the effects of market forces, brought on by more ethical issues which must be taken into account. Changes in the market include buying habits of ethically orientated consumers and these consumers refusing to buy from unethical companies. The media has growing interest in global ethical issues and publicizing them. Companies have an obligation to ensure shareholders receive a fair return on their investment (Health 2014). Consumerism is the promotion of the consumer’s interests, the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable Economic consumerism promotes global development, the aim to achieve higher standards of living. Ethical consumerism can be defined as the practice of purchasing products and services produced in a way that minimizes social and environmental damage, while avoiding products and servicesShow MoreRelatedNursing : A Fine Profession Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesprofession of their own. Each individual level demonstrates just as much importance as the next—without the first or needless to say the tenth floor, the twenty-second floor would not exist. Similarly, the nursing profession embraces a strong code of ethics, professional conduct, and a commitment to service, no matter where it is located on the healthcare spectrum. Although some might debate about the validity of nursing as a profession- not only an occupation- several important factors prove this argumentRead MoreThe Distinction Of Ethics And Morality1307 Words   |  6 PagesThe Distinction Of Ethics And Morality: The use of the words ethics and morality are often confused with each other especially these are commonly used in Philosophy and other related fields. This paper will discuss the distinction between these two concepts. According to Gammel (2007), the difference between the terms morality and ethics has a very thin line particularly in the daily language. Adding to this confusion is that other philosophical resources and materials use the terms interchangeablyRead MoreMedia Ethics Definition1554 Words   |  7 PagesDictionary defines ethics as moral standards and as a system of morals. Websters then defines moral as, of or dealing with right or wrong. Similarly, media ethics are moral standards that are applied to the media. An example of this is the Society of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics(1), a standardized list of items that members of the SPJ use as a guide in their strides to be effective journalists. In a similar manner, media professionals sometimes use their code o f ethics as a device toRead MoreAristotle s Nicomachean Ethics On Virtues And The Quality Of Character A Person1543 Words   |  7 PagesAt the beginning of the course the first question that was asked is what is ethics? At this time I answered the question by stating that ethics is what people believe is right and wrong. I now know that this answer is much too vague. Many people may reply in a similar fashion that our class did because ethics is a hard thing to define and there is no one right answer because it is different for everyone. Ethics has many aspects associated with it, not just right or wrong. Through the writingsRead MoreThe Difference Between Legal And Ethical799 Words   |  4 Pagessynonymously. Lawmakers seek to provide a legal framework supported by the values or ethics of society at large. These laws often attempt to address failures of the past. Creating an ethical legal standard has been one of the biggest challenges of modern government. Some would a rgue whether maintaining ethical standards is even possible given the fundamental differences between legal and ethical. Definitions By definition, laws are a set of rules that are universally accepted by society as binding (MerriamWebsterRead MoreEthic And Moral Conflict Implied. What Are The Implications936 Words   |  4 PagesEthic And Moral Conflict Implied What are the implications of ethics or moral conflicts with one another? There is a fine line and some ongoing confusion between ethics and morals. Ethics apply to institutions or groups for example doctors or lawyers. Morals are personal principals influenced by society. Professionals deal with the conflict between ethics and morals more often than we realize. A lawyer who has a high moral standard would absolutely defend her moral belief that defending a murdererRead MoreEthical Concerns in Corporate Finance: A Closer Look at Earnings Management1640 Words   |  7 PagesFor many years, the ethics of finance has been a concern in the corporate world. With the flexible accounting standards under the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Accounting Standards (IAS), there are many grey areas of what is, and is not, ethical. Earnings management falls in this grey area. Earnings management is the term used to describe the process of manipulating earnings of the firm to achieve a target predetermined by management. The flexibility of accountingRead MorePinning Down the Definition of Ethics795 Words   |  3 PagesIndividuals have their own different definitions of what ethics entails. However, one thing that all these definitions have in common is that, ethics deals with knowing what is right or wrong. Ethics can be defined as the body of cognition that is responsible for the study of worldwide rationales that determine right from wrong. Many people are inclined to thinking that ethics revolves around their feelings; what they feel is right or wrong. However, this is not the case. Individuals have their ownRead MoreCompany Code of Ethics Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesCompany Code of Ethics The Company code of ethics will cover all employees within our organization. The Code of ethics is essential for corporations today to remain in business and abide by their federal and state government regulations. Ethical training programs will exist ever corporation and are given to each employee usually the first day of employment and renewed on the annual basics. An ethical conflict occurs when people will encounter situations that they cannot easily control or resolvedRead MoreQuestions On Ethics And Ethics Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesEthic in Negotiation The dictionary definition of ethics is: a system of moral principles or values; the rules or standards governing the conduct of the members of a profession; accepted principles of right or wrong. Ethics create the means of doing what is right, fair and honest. 1 According to Mark Pastin, an ethics thought leader and ethics consultant, â€Å"You need to recognize the interests involved in an ethical situation and know how to navigate them†. He also imply, in order to create a vision

Graduation by Maya Angelou Critique - 1386 Words

Danielle Davis Eileen Thompson English 121 SL May 9, 2012 â€Å"Graduation† Critique â€Å"Graduation† was written by Maya Angelou in 1969. Angelou was born in Missouri, but after her parents divorced, she was sent to live with her grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. While in Arkansas, Angelou attended the Lafayette County Training School. The school is the setting for her essay â€Å"Graduation.† Angelou graduated from eighth grade at Lafayette with top honors and went on to graduate from high school. After high school, Angelou wrote over thirty plays, poems, children’s books, and one of her autobiographies, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† (Smelstor and Bruce). â€Å"Graduation† starts with Angelou’s generalization of a high school senior’s†¦show more content†¦The themes are identity and education. The essay can be found in Angelou’s autobiography, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.† The autobiography describes how living in the south during the Depression was a time for survival (Ball). The message of â€Å"Graduation† is the same; no matter what obstacles arise she will survive. Angelou deserves an â€Å"A† for this essay because she has strong examples of overcoming obstacles, sophisticated descriptions, and has a clear sense of purpose with strong development. Angelou’s example of overcoming adversity is the strongest at the end of the essay. â€Å"Something unrehearsed, unplanned, was going to happen, and we were going to be made to look bad† (Angelou 26). As she is sitting there as a young girl at her graduation, she can feel the unwelcoming presence of the speaker’s words and actions. Before the speaker begins his political rant of what he has brought to the white community, Angelou anticipates that the graduating class is going to be shamed. Angelou believes the speaker’s words, and starts to doubt her hopes and dreams. â€Å"The man’s dead words fell like b ricks around the auditorium and too many settled in my belly† (Angelou 28). As Henry Reed starts to sing the Negro national anthem, Angelou finally senses that the words do have meaning to her. Nearly every event that Angelou mentions in her autobiography has one of two different aims. The aim she uses in this essay is how she faces obstacles, overcomes them, andShow MoreRelatedI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1482 Words   |  6 Pages Maya Angelou tells of her life experiences and struggles in her book â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† that gives us insight about Maya’s life as a young black girl growing up in a time of racism. The novel discusses various forms of oppression that she had to face as well cope with them. Robert A. Gross wrote an analysis for Newsweek about the book and claimed that Angelou’s book is not only an interesting story of her own experience, but also a portrayal of a Southern black communityRead MoreMaya Angelo u : An Influential Voices Of Modern Society Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesMaya Angelou, born Marguerite Ann Johnson on the 4th of April 1928, was born in St. Louis, Missouri and grew up in Stamps, Arkansas. Maya Angelou is regarded as one of the most noteworthy, influential voices of modern society with over 50 doctorate degrees. She became a distinguished poet, educator, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, memoirist, and civil rights activist throughout her life. In the 1930’s and 1940’s, Stamps, Arkansas was the embodiment of brutality and racial discriminationRead MoreMichael Jackson Sang The Famous Line, If You Wan Na Make The World A Better Place1495 Words   |  6 Pagessomething to bring to the table? Forms of art that even attempt to evoke this message of solidarity include poetry, which in itself is a free medium that poets utilize to express their thoughts and emotions. Langston Hughes, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Maya Angelou, and Naomi Shihab Nye’s cultural experiences helped to form their respective views on empathy for others. Although they were not all born at the same time, their diverse upbringings (whether African-American or Middle-Eastern) is what made theirRead MoreLiterary Analysis of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Essay2756 Words   |  12 PagesBird Sings By Maya Angelou The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the novel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou. Specifically it will discuss the themes of racism and segregation, and how these strong themes are woven throughout this moving autobiography. Maya Angelou recounts the story of her early life, including the racism and segregation she experiences throughout her formative years. With wit, sincerity, and remarkable talent, Angelou portrays racism

Nitaqat Free Essays

string(33) " arrest and deport such workers\." Nitaqat, the Localization System for Jobs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: cause for denial of job opportunities for expatriates Guiding Principle In order to reduce the unemployment rate among the Saudi citizens, the Saudi government issued a new system for the localization of jobs in Saudi Arabia under the name of â€Å"Nitaqat†. The new system replaces the system applied since 1994 under the name of â€Å"The Saudization†. Nitaqat adopts several principles, which will have impacts on non-Saudis working in the Kingdom. We will write a custom essay sample on Nitaqat or any similar topic only for you Order Now A. Introduction The economy in Saudi Arabia – as it is the case in other states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) – depends largely on the existence of a large proportion of expatriates1 working for various establishments in the private and public sector. However, unlike the other states of the GCC, Saudi Arabia has large number of unemployed citizens2, which creates a state of resentment among those citizens. B. The Saudization In an attempt to reduce the unemployment rate among the citizens, the Saudi government applied a system in 1994 for the localization of jobs under the name of â€Å"The Saudizationâ€Å". The basic principal of the system was the requirement to appoint certain percentage of the total workforce of all the establishments existing in the Kingdom from the Saudi citizens. This percentage varies in accordance to the activity of the establishment. Generally the percentage was fixed by 30%. However, due to several reasons, the system did not achieve the desired objectives and mostly the 30% has not been reached. Now, more than 6. 5 million non-Saudi are working in the private sector of the Kingdom compared to 700 thousand Saudis. In addition, more than 2 million work visas were issued during the preceding two (2) years. C. Nitaqat Therefore, the Saudi government has endeavoured to find other solutions to eliminate the phenomenon of unemployment among Saudi nationals. The efforts of the government resulted in the implementation of several strategies. The most important of these strategies was the issuance of a new system under the name â€Å"Nitaqat† for localizing the jobs in the Kingdom to replace the system of Saudization. The name Nitaqat means Ranges in Arabic, which actually represents the main idea of the new system as the main obstacles faced the previous system that it was not practical to apply one fixed percentage, regardless of the particular circumstances of each activity, such as the availability of the qualified manpower for certain activities. Nitaqat divides the labour market into 41 activities and each activity into 5 sizes (Giant, Large, Medium, Small and Very Small) to have in total 205 categories. The performance of the establishment in the localization of the jobs is to be evaluated compared with the similar establishment’s activity and size in order to have fair standard for the evaluation After the evaluation, Nitaqat classifies these establishments into ranges (Excellent, Green, Yellow and Red) based on the ratio of the citizens working in the establishment. The Excellent and Green range, which are the ranges with the highest localization ratios, will be rewarded, while the system deals firmly with the Red range, which is the range with the lowest localization ratio and gives more time for the Yellow range to adjust their positions, being the medium range. The motive of applying the Nitaqat system is to make the appointment of Saudi citizens represent a competitive advantage for the establishments in the Kingdom. D. The Rewards to the Excellent and Green Ranges and the Disadvantages of the Red and Yellow Ranges. The MoL has granted the establishments located in the Excellent or in the Green Ranges several advantages by giving the establishments the eligibility to issue work visas for the development of new business. Furthermore the MoL will give them the ability to contract with non-Saudi workers from the establishments of the Red and the Yellow ranges in the Saudi market, which allows such establishments to benefit from their experience and presence. This will result in granting the establishments that have achieved high rates of localization the opportunity to appoint non-Saudi workers with no need to issue new work visas, which helps to rationalization the recruitment and employment of additional non-Saudi labor. In contrast, the establishments located in the Red or in the Yellow range will be forced to speed the localization of the jobs within the establishments to upgrade their range to the Green or the Excellent range to maintain the expats they have. Otherwise, the establishments located in these ranges – Red and Yellow ranges – will be denied from obtaining new or alternative visas, lose control over the non-Saudi workers in the establishment as they will have the freedom of contract with a new employer and will not be allowed to obtain new work visas to appoint new-non-Saudis workers or to set up a new subsidiary or branch. DOHA: Thousands of Asian expatriates in Saudi Arabia are facing the prospect of unemployment and deportation with the Saudi government going ahead with its job nationalisation drive, called Nitaqat. This has sent shockwaves across the tiny south Indian state of Kerala, which has more than half-a-million of its people working in Saudi Arabia. The Saudi authorities are cracking down on companies that have failed to achieve a job nationalisation target, the deadline for which passed last Wednesday. Law enforcement officials have reportedly booked a large number of expatriates for violating the residency law over the past week and many more are expected to be declared illegal residents. The labour ministry has identified about 250,000 small and medium-sized enterprises that have failed to comply with the Nitaqat provision of employing at least one Saudi national in the ‘red’ category. The deadline for complying with the provision passed on March 27, said a report carried by Khaleej Times yesterday. According to Nitaqat provisions, the ministry will not renew work permits of employees in the ‘red’ category. This means they will have to leave the country. The Saudi cabinet has already passed a law to arrest and deport such workers. You read "Nitaqat" in category "Papers" According to Saudi newspapers, about two million expatriates are likely to lose their jobs as a direct result of implementation of the Nitaqat policy. The workers are mainly from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Egypt, Yemen, and Indonesia. Indians constitute the largest chunk of expatriates in Saudi Arabia, and among them Keralites are the largest group. According to a recent study by Kerala-based Centre for Development Studies, the number of Keralites in Saudi Arabia in 2011 was 574,739, said the daily. Nitaqat will hit Keralites the hardest as a substantial number of them are working in small and medium-sized enterprises. The majority of Keralites in Saudi Arabia are from the northern Malabar region of the state, said the report. Kerala yesterday urged the Indian government to intervene in the matter so that Saudi Arabia takes a liberal approach to implementing the Nitaqat policy. The new policy might lead to denial of job opportunities to a large number of expatriates from India, especially from Kerala, Chief Minister Oommen Chandy said in a letter to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. It has come to my notice that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has initiated strong steps to implement the Nitaqat law to expand employment avenues for its nationals, which may ultimately lead to the denial of job opportunities for expatriates,† he said. Conceding that there were limits to Indian intervention in internal policy decisions of Saudi Arabia, Chandy said: â€Å"but an appeal to the Saudi A rabian authorities to give more time for the implementation of Nitaqat may give breathing space for the expatriates and avoid immediate repercussions. † ::::::::ARTICLES::::::: What Nitaqat means for Kerala:::: By P M Mathew 13th April 2013 07:25 AM The Nitaqat (classification) law being implemented by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia makes it mandatory for Saudi Companies to reserve 10 per cent of jobs for Saudi nationals. Saudi Arabia has very strong socio-economic reasons to justify such a policy. Unlike other gulf countries Saudi Arabia itself has large number of unemployed citizens. According to recent estimates the unemployment rate among Saudi nationals has reached 12 per cent. It is also reported that more than 6. million non-Saudis are working in the private sector of the Kingdom compared to 7,00,000 Saudis. In 2012 there were 3,40,000 firms in the Kingdom that did not employ any Saudi. Of late there is a growing feeling of resentment among the citizens of Saudi Arabia resulting from the labour market competition they face from expatriate workforce. The Nitaqat law is aimed at eliminating unemployment and localising jobs in the Kingdom. Nitaqat seeks to replace the 1994 scheme of Saudization which required 30 per cent of the jobs to be reserved for Saudi citizens. Saudization scheme failed due to the inherent loopholes in the system and the targeted 30 per cent localisation of jobs could not be achieved. The new law, Nitaqat, divides the Saudi labour market into 41 activities and each activity into 5 sizes (Giant, Large, Medium, Small and Very Small) to have in total 205 categories. Nitaqat classifies establishments into ranges (Excellent, Green, Yellow and Red) based on the ratio of the citizens working in the establishment. The Excellent and Green range, which are the ranges with the highest localisation ratios, will be rewarded with incentives. The new law proposes to deal firmly with the Red range, the range characterised by the lowest localisation ratio. More time is given to the Yellow range to improve their positions, it being the medium range. The most recent additions to the Nitaqat law that an expatriate worker should work only under his sponsor and the worker is not meant to perform any job other than the one mentioned on his job card have raised much panic among the expatriate workers. More over the Saudi government has increased the fee for renewing labour cards (iqamas) to SAR2, 500 from SAR100. The strict implementation of the Nitaqat law recently has raised much concern in Kerala. Majority of the Indian migrant labour in Saudi Arabia are from Kerala. In 2011, some 5,70,000 Keralites were working in Saudi Arabia. Though the impact of Nitaqat would be on less than 3 per cent of this migrant population remittances by them were consistently contributing to the economy of the state, especially to the northern districts of Malappuram, Kozhikode, Kannur and Kasargode. The inflow of remittance payments from Saudi Arabia has considerably raised living standards in these districts. Saudi Arabia continues to be the most desired destination among the low and semi-skilled Keralites. The strict adherence to the Nitaqat regulations will result in immediate job losses and reduced job opportunities. Many small scale shops and establishments in Saudi Arabia are run by Keralites under licences in the names of Saudi nationals. Now all such shops and establishments must have 10 per cent of their employees from among Saudi nationals who should be paid at least 3 times more salary than their expatriate counterparts. It is almost impossible now to run companies on the licences given to Saudi nationals. Strict actions are being taken against benami businesses. Most shops run by Keralites are already closed. The impact of the crackdown on illegal foreign workers in Saudi Arabia will have serious consequences for Kerala’s economy. The sudden exodus of the unemployed could trigger off economic crisis and social unrest in the state. The sudden fall in remittances from Saudi Arabia may lead to a ripple effect on interlinked sectors like real estate, construction, transport, etc. The problems will be much more if other gulf nations too emulate the Saudi policy. The job losses and reduced job opportunities are expected to aggravate in the coming days since Saudi labour ministry has reconsidered the liberal sponsorship rules that are prevailing. Under the Inspection Intelligent Scheme (IIS) inspection of company premises and residences of free visa holders are being intensified. Most raids at labour camps are unannounced. The government also issued an order that iqama (labour card) violators will be arrested in raids. On an emergency basis both the central and state governments must plan out strong rehabilitation packages for the unemployed Saudi returnees. The assistance offered for safe return and sponsoring the air fares of the returnees are all short term relief measures by the Government of India. The most recent announcement by the Saudi administration that Nitaqat inspections will be temporarily stopped for 3 months to allow illegal immigrants to legalise their stay in Saudi Arabia is to be viewed only as a temporary relief. Ryadh governor’s recent order of deferring the process of catching illegal migrants in Riyadh also provides some temporary relief to the illegal migrants. Given the proven strictness of the Saudi administration, the statements made by Kerala ministers that the expatriates need not panic and that the issue could be bilaterally solved by dialogue with Saudi authorities are not providing much hope to expatriates. According to leading immigration trend analysts in Kerala the Saudi crackdown on illegal migrants should be viewed as a blessing in disguise since it is going to open up more opportunities for the legal migrants from the state. There is no need for the legal immigrant worker to panic. The Nitaqat effect is not just on Indians. Lakhs of illegal migrants in Saudi Arabia are from countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Egypt, etc. Kerala can grab this opportunity by providing the needed skills to the future migrants and allowing them to migrate legally. Kerala must focus on more employment opportunities for its labour force. The government should also undertake massive investments in infrastructure and industrial development to boost up employment opportunities. The author is professor of economics at Christ University, Bangalore How to cite Nitaqat, Papers

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Blanche Example For Students

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Blanche While it can be argued that all of the characters in Tennese Williams play, A Streetcar Named Desire are living in an illusion, I do not think that all the characters are living an unreal existence, however some are, in particular Blanche, Stella and Stanley. Blanch, to some extent, is living in her own fantasy world plagued with delusions and outbursts. It is quite obvious that she is living an illusion. Stella is living an unreal existence in regards to the way in which she likes to pretend she is living in a happy home. Stanley is also, however to a much lesser extent, living an unreal existence. He is very self-centered and towards the end he seems to be living a life nearly devoted to breaking down Blanche. We can see why and in what way these characters are living an unreal existence through exploring the major themes of this play and their relation to the characters in regards to living in a world that is not reality. These themes include reality versus illusion, confronting r eality, male domination and truth versus lies. Reality versus illusion is one of, if not the major theme of the play. It also has the most relevance to the way in which Blanche, Stanley, and Stella are living in their own fantasy world. Perhaps the reason Blanche chose illusion rather than reality is because of her somewhat troubled past. When Blanche was 16 she married Alan who was 17. The impression we get of Alan is that of an attractive, gentle and kind young man. However, he had a somewhat feminine quality about him. Blanche soon finds out that he is involved in a homosexual relationship by catching him in the act. Blanche expresses her disgust and soon after Alan commits suicide by shooting himself. Already traumatized, the situation grew quickly worse when Blanche looses Belle Reve, the family estate. This proves only to worsen Blanches mental state to an all new low. This coupled with other events led Blanche to living with her sister Stella and her husband Stanley. Perhaps the events which had occurred led her to the edg e of insanity which she was resting on during her time living with Stanley and Stella. It was easier for her to create her own fantasy world rather than to face up to reality. This however proved to have dire consequences resulting in Blanch becoming even further away from reality, pushed over the edge by Stanleys constant harassment and finally by his ultimate act of indecency raping her. This climaxed with Blanch having to be taken to a mental institution, this decision backed by even her own sister Stella. While living a much more real existence Stella also in some situations chooses illusions rather than accept reality. This can be seen when Blanch chooses to believe Stanley rather than Blanch in regards to the rape. Despite heavy suspicions that Stanley did rape Blanch, she gives Stanley the benefit of the doubt simply because it is easier that way. Like Blanch in this situation she chooses illusion rather than to except reality. Despite this, Stella is much more in tune with r eality than her sister Blanch. Stanley, while not exactly living in his own fantasy world, does have certain elements of choosing illusion rather than reality. Rather than create illusions he simply ignores things which may not please him. He seems to be living in a bubble which inside only holds a section for his poker buddies, Stella and the cracking down of Blanche. He is somewhat obsessed with being the head of his home and so when Blanche comes to stay with him and Stella he obviously feels threatened by the way in which she changes things. The cracking down of Blanche becomes an obsession, it is almost as if he has to prove himself as the head. Blanche and Stella find it hard to confront the reality in which they live. Perhaps this is because they are not living the lives which they had planned when they lived in Belle Reve. Blanche in particular finds it difficult to accept the fact that she is aging and that things arent turning out exactly to

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Example of conversation Essays

Example of conversation Essays Example of conversation Paper Example of conversation Paper On the other hand, Stefanos and Angeliki, kinesthetic learners that collaborated in the non-computer based approach, helped each other in a bigger degree during the construction of the model, since they were familiar on working with materials and they both had the chance experimenting with the materials. This reinforces Flemings (2008) suggestion that kinesthetic learners have experience and feel comfortable in the science lab. Still, in some cases Stefanos handled the materials for longer and Angeliki was just helping by bringing the appropriate materials for the development of the model. Stefanos: No Angeliki is not like that, let me do it. I have used this tool again and I can manage better. Go fetch the globe and the Sun, please.  Angeliki: Ok, I am going but then I want to try too You shouldnt do everything by yourself! The teacher said that both together have to develop the model.  Stefanos: Ok, I will let you do the next thing  The above conversations indicate that there were factors that influenced the teaching process and werent strictly related with students learning styles, but with students experiences, as Milgram (2007) suggests too. Boys in both situations tended to dominate girls, while this was more obvious in the computer-based approach. That is due to the fact that boys, as Milgram s (2007) also suggests, have more experience with the hand-on lab equipment than girls, something that was observed occurring in the present study in the computer and the science lab. As it concerns the students that had visual learning preferences and worked in the two groups different characteristics of the two learning approaches revealed to benefit them. Specifically, the fact that Stagecast Creator is a program that uses images for creating rules and doesnt require a programming language was very supportive for Katerina and George (visual learners), since they could easily express their understandings through images. However, students were considering their animations as exact representations of reality, something that Osborne and Henessy (2003) also supported, so they were trying to create a model that was representing the phenomenon. Still, the group of visual learners that participated in the non computer-based teaching approach found some difficulties on developing a model, since they could visualize how they wanted their model to look like by seeing all the materials available to them, but in the practice they found difficulties in actually doing what they wished. Moreover, the two teaching approaches revealed to promote in a big degree the conversations between students with auditory strengths. In both groups, the couples that had auditory learning preference were discussing for longer time than the other two couples in order to express their ideas and find solutions for any problems they came across, something that strengthens Felders (1988) idea that auditory learners are good at explaining things to others and participating in conversations. However, the fact that they could add sound and write text that was explaining what their model represented and how, was an additional advantage for students with auditory learning preference who participated in the computer-based modeling approach. Considering studys findings, I argue that a modeling-based approach can facilitate students understanding about a scientific phenomenon, if educators adopt appropriate activities that correspond to students individual needs. Also, the use of computer-based programming environments for a modeling procedure can be quite beneficial for developing students modeling skills. However, in order for that to be accomplished is essential for students to become comfortable on using computers during science lessons. CONCLUSIONS The current study identifies fifth graders interactions with two different modeling- based approaches, one computer-based and one non computer-based, when they are taught a scientific phenomenon and makes a correlation with students learning styles. Both approaches were based on constructivism, so a link with this pedagogic approach is made. In this sense, the focus was on students conversation types, their activities, the program strategies they developed during their work with the computer-based modeling tool as well as on their opinions that were expressed through group interviews. Through this is recognized which of the two modeling approaches can support and facilitate students understandings in a more coherent way and which factors, basically related to students individual needs, affect that. It was found that the two modeling-based environments that were designed and implemented in this study were valuable in promoting students understanding about the physical phenomenon under study (how day and night occurs). Through modeling-based teaching students were able to express their ideas about the phenomenon and refine them later on in the light of new evidence. Furthermore, the fact that the two approaches included activities that corresponded to every students individual learning preference appeared to be significant, since all students needs were fulfilled. However, the implementation of SC, the computer-based modeling tool that was used for the purposes of this study revealed to be more promising in enhancing students modeling skills. This was due to the fact that the specific programming environment enabled students to test, revise and validate their models through a friendly and motivating environment of experimenting and debugging knowledge. In addition, students individual characteristics seemed to be supported from different features of the two modeling approaches. Specifically, certain activities were helpful for some students with a specific learning style, while they ignored other activities. Therefore, the need for using a range of activities in a teaching approach that correspond to every learning style is highlighted. At this point it is important to be mentioned that gender differences, not strictly related with students learning style were observed. Furthermore, the computer-based program that was used increased students motivation since they received direct and continuous feedback that helped them revise their models. SC offered the ability to every student to use it according to his or her personal needs, since audio, images, animation and hands-on activities were available. On the other hand, students working with materials were likely to create their models with a specific way, since they didnt have many options. However, kinesthetic learners were collaborating more efficiently with the non computer-based approach since both students were able to interact with hands-on activities, while during the computer-based approach one of them was using the mouse. Even if findings from the current study cant be used in generalization for the student population, since it was a small-scale research, it is suggested that modeling-based approaches should be well designed in order to correspond to every students individual needs. Still, it is recommend that apart from learning styles, other factors like gender and age should be investigated in order to see how they affect the modeling-based teaching in a science lesson. Further researchers might also find it useful to examine which modeling approach, a computer-based modeling approach or a modeling approach based on laboratory settings, can support better students on developing modeling skills that can use in novel situations. Moreover, further research could be conducted in order to study how students experiences and confidence with computers or laboratory settings can affect two different modeling approaches similar with those of the present study.

American Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

American Government - Essay Example One who oppressed, rather than led. James Madison, one of the founders of the US Constitution, writes that, â€Å"If Tyranny and Oppression comes to this land, it will be in the guise of fighting a foreign enemy.† To best understand Madison’s intent behind his statement, it would be important to remember that at its root, guise means ‘appearance’. That being said, what Madison intended to say was that if it came down to both tyranny and oppression coming to our shores, it would be through the appearance of a fight that involved a country outside of our soil. A present day example of this would be the current war on terror being fought by the US Government in Iraq. From the text American Government: Brief Version written by James Wilson, two particular quotes are given by Madison himself that, each in their own way, pertain to this very topic. They are, â€Å"In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: You must first enable the government to control the governed: and in the next place oblige it to control itself,† As well as, â€Å"But what is government itself but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary,† (Wilson p.15). As for how the US Constitution protects against tyrannical rule, it does provide for a ‘checks and balances’ system in which the Executive, Judicial, and Legislative bodies each can have some kind of say above the other in order to prevent if possible any kind of dominance on the part of one arm of the government. Just as is the case with anything else, government is an imperfect system and as Madison famously said, â€Å"If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary.† That statement in its own

Hospitality Group Developing your Managerial Skills Essay

Hospitality Group Developing your Managerial Skills - Essay Example 10 Relate Management Skill 10 Compare and Contrast 10 Conclusion 11 References 12 Bibliography 15 Introduction This reflective essay aims to present a brief of my professional development with respect to international and cultural employability skills along with my team development and planning and organising skills which I believe to be quite helpful in deriving better career prospects in hospitality industry. The essay will cover a theoretical explanation of the employability skills I could develop from my previous academic experiences and draw towards a critical review of my learning in these particular areas. In the current phenomenon, diversity is often regarded as one of the vital aspects within the hospitality industry which creates a direct influence on the tastes and preferences of the customers along with the level of commitment and expectations of the employees. The presence of cultural diversity both the internal and the external market of hospitality industry is quite ap parent as compared to the other industry structures. Today, it has widely been argued that managing diversity within the workforce is important as well as a difficult task for managers in the hospitality industry by which organizations can generate greater cultural awareness while operating within international marketplaces. Contextually, the significance of generating cultural awareness and other intertwined employability skills such as team development and planning and organising have often been argued as a crucial facet of hospitality industry. Review of 3 Employability Skills Employability Skill 1: International & Cultural Awareness Literature Review According to Quappe & Cantatore (2005), cultural awareness imposes a direct impact on the communication system of an organisation which comprises the capability of creating consciousness towards the cultural values, beliefs and perceptions in different contexts. In this regard, it has been observed that different cultural groups eva luate and interpret situational components applying different perspectives, which further essentialists the obtainment of cultural awareness among modern day professionals (Quappe & Cantatore, 2005). As explained by Whitelaw & et. al. (2009) cultural diversity is quite apparent in the modern day hospitality sector in the both the dimensions of internal organisational culture (employees/workforce) and external organisational environment (customers/marketplaces). It is in this context that professionals need to continuously enhance and develop their efficiencies in this particular dimension so as to satisfy the contemporary needs of the hospitality industry (Whitelaw & et. al., 2009). According to Hall (2003), cultural awareness is often professed as an attitude which can be obtained from his/her learning experiences by an individual when interacting with various cultural groups. It has further been implied in this context that culture can be distinguished as the big ‘C’ of material culture and smaller ‘c’ of shared culture within an organisation (Hall, 2003). Based on a similar context, Moss (2002) revealed that when students and other academic professionals are engaged with the learning of cultural aspects, they will able to comprehend the

Vietnam war Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vietnam war - Research Paper Example It occupied northwest section of South Vietnam which was considered demilitarized and guard point to Ho Chi Minh Trail. This means that Khe Sanh was targeted by General Giap who was the North Vietnam army leader as the United States marine also held it as of great importance in managing the war. The North Vietnam were close to victory against US when On February 25th, one patrol lost 9 dead, 25 wounded and 19 missing in action. President Johnson officially withdrew US troops on 5th July with significant challenge to convince the world that they had defeated the North Vietnam (Rottman and Duncan 72-4). There are critical factors that Historians need to capture when investigating this war. This is as a result of the conflicting historical findings from different researchers. The facts and figures presented on the number of casualties especially the United States marine shows significant inconsistency with what actually happened. This is because united States were making attempts to satisfy the conscience of the people that it won. On the other hand, it was evident that the overwhelming tactical pressure and sustained combat by the North Vietnam Army forced them to own up (Rottman and Duncan 112-7). It is therefore important for the historians to carry out in-depth investigation on the total personnel deployed by the United States and the number that were eliminated or maimed for life. This would help give a true picture of the loss United States incurred in the entirety of war. Economic consequences United States suffered as it sustained the war at its overall overhaul of foreign p olicy change should be the standpoint of how devastated it was after the War (Prados and Ray 75). The epitome of the bloody war requires narration of an observer or participant for which one young soldier as presented in The Things They Carried, by Tim OBrien gives a better

Effects of Bullying

Effects of Bullying IS BULLYING COOL? Have you ever come across the word bullying before? Bullying is deliberately targeting someone who is different or vulnerable and intimidating them. Bullying is often repeated. It is aimed to belittle the other person and hurt them physically and emotionally. It is typically directed at certain groups or sorts of individuals such as a person from a certain background, race, religion or sexual orientation. These are just a few examples of why a person could get bullied and there are many more unexplained reason. The effects of bullying and why it needs to be countered There are many long term and short term effects bullying can have a person. The effect could vary on the type of bullying subjected to that individual but the lasting effects are always detrimental. Bullying effects a persons character development A recent study proves that a person can still be effected by bullying even after four decades. This shows how bullying effects the development of a childs character. It is shown that victims of bullying carry those feelings of doubt and insecurity about themselves through adulthood. This will often lead to suicidal thoughts and long term depression. Children who are bullied often have low self-esteem which they with them to adulthood. Would you want this to happen to you? Bullying effects a persons socialising skills Bullying could leave the victim feeling withdrawn from society and have a negative view on socialising. The victim of bullying often feels inferior and in doubt within society. This often leads to the victim being bullied again .The victim is often being left out of social norms and has a negative view on socialising. Bullying also makes the victim unable to overcome feelings of despair and subsequently lack the skills of social integration which means the idea of making friends becomes near enough impossible. This is because bullying changes the mentality of a person, by falsely making them believe that they are, always not worthy of attention. It is a very sad situation to be in. Effects the persons studies and academic background Over thousands of students are absent and miss school on a daily basis across the country because of the residing fear of being bullied. Bullying is a major concern in school institutions as students do not reach their maximum potential and ability when they are not in a safe and friendly environment. Bullying in a school makes the student feel afraid and despise the idea of attending school. Consequently, significant qualifications such as GCSE and A-level grades take a hit which means the prospect of progressing onto University becomes bleak. Suicide rates A recent study shows that 50% of suicides cases amongst the younger generation are related to bullying. Suicidal thoughts are the most severe effects of bullying. Many young children and adults alike have taken their lives because of being traumatically bullied in school. In recent news a young boy of only twelve years committed suicide after being subjected to harsh bullying after joining a new secondary school two weeks prior to his unfortunate death. The young boy was found hanging in his bedroom. There can be many factors leading up to suicide such as depression, low self-esteem and feeling worthless, are all feelings which are stimulated by bullying. Could you live with the guilt of knowing that you led someone so far? No? Then speak out against bullying before it is too late. Psychological effects of bullying There are many psychological effects which bullying has on a person. Bullying effects a person psychologically as it makes them believe that they are in the wrong even if theres not an explanation for it. It is like being in a constant state of doubt It makes them believe that they are worthless. This often leads to the victims developing depression and anxiety. To overcome symptoms of depression and anxiety many people take medication or consume alcohol. This can lead them to abusing these substances and relying on them on a daily basis, turning them into monsters of stress and anger. Also the psychological effects could be that victims of bullying turn to self-harm. Self-harm is deliberately punishing and hurting oneself in order to express their feelings of hurt and anger; a cry for help in other words Personal experience One of my close friends developed all these psychological effects at an early age in his life. He was bullied because of the appearance of his ears. Joking turned into teasing, teasing turned into swearing, and swearing turned into physical violence. Still he kept quiet. He was told many times that he was a freak and he should go kill himself. This in turn made him very depressed and suicidal. I would often ask him about the unexplainable cuts all over his arms. He would just shrug in response. He was publically shamed as a video of him was put onto social media. The video went viral and gained attention of all the people of the community. He was labelled as the beast of Birmingham. After the video was posted he went missing for weeks. No one could find him. After two months he was found. He had hung himself under a bridge. His well-known pair of ears were cut off with a pair of blunt scissors. This is just an example of the severity of bullying. Shocking isnt it? What you can do Anyone can help eradicate bullying and make a big impact on a persons life. Do not be a bystander, whether the bullying is in a school or online. If you witness bullying stand up to it or tell a teacher. You wont be considered a snitch or tell-tale, just think of it as saving someones life. Youll be a hero.

How Genes and the Environment Operate to Influence Child Development Es

How Genes and the Environment Operate to Influence Child Development This essay will look firstly at the ideas that have prevailed throughout history, in relation to genes interacting with the environment, and the human developmental implications of this relationship. It will briefly outline the theory of Heritability, Evolution, Genetic Determination, Epigenesis, Developmental Plasticity and a ‘transactional’ model of development. Secondly the theories of Genetic determination, Epigenesis and Developmental Plasticity will be compared. Physical and psychological characteristics of child development will illuminate the differing viewpoints held by these traditions. Anatomical development, temperament and language will be used as illustrators. Since the sixteen hundreds scholars interested in the origins of human formation; believed that humans had not changed since the creation of Adam. In essence what was needed to create a human was there at the point of conception, it just got bigger [Hartsoeker, 1694 cited in Richardson, 1994 p51]. That all humans go through ‘an unfolding’ process during development, which is all part of a ‘natural plan’ this was referred to as ‘Preformationism’. These ‘innate’ processes or ‘stages’ were referred to as ‘maturation’ and this has developed from the philosophical position of ‘Rationalism’. This position remained until the eighteen hundreds when biological developments challenged this position. Gregory Mendal, [1865] showed that a plant’s single characteristic such as colour could be ‘inherited’ or altered though cross-hybridisation. That plants possessed individual traits ‘genes’ that could be altered and passed on to descendents. It wasn’t until DeVrise, Corrnens and Tschermak work in the twentieth centaury [cited in Sturtevant, 1965 and Weinsten, 1977] showed that single gene inheritance etc was responsible for evolutionary characteristics in humans, an example of single gene effects can be shown in the case of PKU [Phenylketonuria] which left untreated (not stopping Children with the mutated gene eating phenylalanine in their diet) would cause retarded intellectual development. [Plomin, DeFries, and McClern, 1990, cited in Richards, 1994 p214]. It appears that Mendel's accomplishments on the laws of ‘inheritance’ were surpassed by the attention that was being given to the questions concerning the mechanism of evo... ...tes, J. [1994] ‘Infant Individuality’, in Oates, J (ed.) The foundations of development, Oxford, Blackwell/ The Open University p191. Thelen, E. [1992] 'Self-organisation in developmental processes: can a systems approach work?' in Johnson, M. H. (ed.) Brain Development and Cognition, Oxford, Blackwell. Cited in Richardson, K. [1994] ‘Evolution and Development’, in Oates, J (ed.) The foundations of development, Oxford, Blackwell/ The Open University p.69. Toulmin, S. [1971] 'Brain language: a commentary', Synthese, 22, pp. 369-95. Cited in Richardson, K. [1994] ‘Interactions in Development’, in Oates, J (ed.) The foundations of development, Oxford, Blackwell/ The Open University pp.221. Torrez, T. W. [1971] Morphogenesis of the Vertebrates, New York, Wiley. Cited in Richardson, K. [1994] ‘Evolution and Development’, in Oates, J (ed.) The foundations of development, Oxford, Blackwell/ The Open University p.62. Weinstein, A.[1977] How Unknown Was Mendel's Paper? Journal of the History of Biology 10, 341-364. Weismann, A. 1885 [1889]. Continuity of the Germ Plasm. In Essays upon heredity and kindred biological problems, ed. E. Poulton et al. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Pros and Cons of being Malleable

Clay might be more related to the word malleable instead of metal. The word malleability is defined mostly as the property of metal to be shaped into the craftsman’s design.The same word can be attributed to humans but has different meanings. Malleable (in human terms) can either mean being able to adapt to changes or the trait of being influenced easily. This paper discusses about the implications of being malleable as it relates to personality.Pros of being MalleableCharles Darwin should change his theory on evolution. Survival is not about who the strongest specie is, rather, survival is about who can adapt easily to changes in the environment. The positive side of being malleable means that a person can get through with any obstacle that he or she faces.A malleable person can simply ‘contort’ his or her personality to suit the changes that happen in his or her life. Whatever these obstacles are, being malleable allows us to come up with different strategies on how we can cope with the changes. A malleable personality means that we are capable of dealing with difficult people or circumstances.We may need to adjust to avoid conflict with other people. It does not necessarily mean that we have to change, remember, the definition of malleability is not to change entirely but to bend. Sometimes, people with culture alien from us become part of our lives, in work, school, or even in the family, anywhere in the society that has some sort of connection with us.As a sign of respect, we may have to restrain ourselves from speaking out loud about certain practices that we might find weird or even wrong. This does not mean that we are changing for them. It just means that we are willing to tolerate (at a certain extent) unfamiliar customs. Being malleable would come in handy on travels abroad.Another instance when being malleable might come in handy is during tough times, it may be financially or emotionally. During times of ‘financial drought ’ learning how to adjust is vital. Cutting unnecessary expenses is one way of adjusting.Old habits that use money need to be cut. In an emotional sense, adjusting to a new environment is also vital. An outsider has to learn the norms of the new environment if he or she is to move to that new environment. The outsider may have to overcome language barriers, and other aspects of culture.Cons of MalleabilityVirtually everything has cons, in this case, a negative definition. One definition of malleability is the trait of being controlled or influenced easily. This definition of malleability means that we let others control our decisions, and therefore our lives.Some people are too malleable that they hardly make decisions on their own. They allow themselves to be the puppet of others, doing whatever the strings of the puppeteer tells them too. This negative definition of malleability makes a person loose his or her identity because what defines us are the decisions we make in our livesConclusionLike most things, being malleable has its pros and cons. Being malleable can either mean we can adjust easily to life’s challenges or we let others decide for us. Adaptability is key in survival, those who can adapt the easiest survive. While being malleable means we can adjust to changes, it could also mean that we can easily be manipulated.Referenceâ€Å"malleable.† Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. 10 Nov. 2008..

Fitness and Performance in Aviation

Fitness and Performance in Aviation Fitness in most professional jobs is an individual duty to assess his or her well-being in undertaking such professions. It is a legal requirement to undergo thorough medical checkups before qualifying for professions like aviation and other related jobs. Most of the accidents caused by aircrafts are related to human factors of physical and psychological fitness. Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Fitness and Performance in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the advancement in technology, aircrafts have become more reliable and efficient, thus reducing the number of accidents that occur due to mechanical breakdown. The greater percentage of aircraft accidents is thus caused by human factors and account to more than eighty percent of the total accidents caused by the aircrafts (Lowry, 1999, p. 102). The success of a flight is dependent on human fitness to execute a safe flight. This term paper discusse s the factors that affect fitness and performance in aviation such as physical exercise, health, stress, workloads, shift work, pressure to meet deadlines and use of drugs. The physical fitness and vigorous health of aviation workers are critical aspects in their performance, in aviation, because of the nature of some of their jobs that may be physically demanding. Besides, aviation activities are carried out in a wide range of physical environments that involve substantial change in temperatures, air composition, humidity and other weather related factors. The ability of the aviation workers to carry some of their tasks may be hindered by poor eyesight, poor hearing, physical injuries, and other physical related factors (Stolzer, Harlford, Goglia, 2008, p. 58). It is a duty for the individual workers to assess their physical and health fitness in carrying out the aviation duties. Secondly, physical fitness of an individual affects the sensory system of orientation. Good eyesight is critical in making judgments on safe flight. The human eye is adapted to see during the day light using rods in the eyes and at night using the cones. The rods take time to adjust to bright light during the night when it is introduced shortly. Physical fitness through exercising the body and eating a well balanced diet that is rich in vitamins is vital in maintaining proper eyesight. Vitamin A specifically is used to prevent night blindness disease that is caused by lack of enough vitamin A in the diet. Night blindness causes blurred vision that affects the performance in aviation because of accidents that result from poor judgment of the eyesight. Deprivation of oxygen caused by flights at high altitudes leads to poor eyesight and poor performance in aviation thus alternative source for oxygen should be provided. Advertising Looking for term paper on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Age is another facto r that leads to reduced performance due to blurred vision and other age related disorders (Bibel, 2007, p. 42). In addition, poor health habits that lead to unfitness such as smoking and taking alcohol affect the power of vision thus leading to poor performance in aviation. The sense of hearing is also vital in for superior performance in aviation. The inner ear helps to maintain motion hearing that creates the vestibular orientation during a flight. Forces during the flight lead to disorientation during the flights that affect the sense of hearing. Poor sense of hearing lead to poor performance in aviation caused by poor communication with the groundwork personnel. In addition, poor performance caused by poor sense of hearing is attributed to inability to create vestibular orientation. Physical fitness improves performance in aviation by maintaining a healthy nervous system that is critical in creating postural orientation during a flight. Physical exercise helps in keeping the ner vous system active, by dilation of blood vessels to allow free circulation of blood and dissolved oxygen that help to keep the mind alert. The nerves help to transmit information to the brain that helps to make a judgment during the flights. Good coordination during the flight because of potent nervous system creates a superior performance in aviation. Health factors affect fitness of individuals and their performance in aviation depending on individuals’ state of health and intensity of a condition. The conditions that affect fitness in performance, in aviation, range from minor ailments to severe cases. Minor physical illnesses such as coughing, flu, and the common cold amongst others make the aircrafts worker uncomfortable in their work thus lead to poor performance but not to great extent. Major illnesses lead to the reduced performance in aviation as the workers may be hospitalized or go on sick leaves for treatments. Moreover, high prevalence of HIV/AIDS leads to reduc ed immunity of the aircrafts workers thus reducing their performance in aviation. In severe conditions of HIV/AIDS, the workers are unfit to work, or their death occurs that substantially reduces performance in aviation because of loss of skilled labor. In addition, minor injuries such as sprained wrists and anklets reduce work performance of aircrafts workers because of pain. Severe injuries such as broken arms and limbs make the workers unfit for the aircraft work thus reduces their performance in aviation greatly. Physical conditions such as obesity, heart attack, diabetes, age related conditions such as blurred vision, and hearing loss considerably reduces performance in aviation thus legislation should ensure the workers undergo medical checkup prior to their duties. Moreover, toxins and other related substances may lead to health complications such as cancers, deaths due to intoxication and other unforeseen effects that make the workers unfit for the work and reduce their per formance in aviation (Garland, Wise, Hopkin, 1999, p. 54).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Fitness and Performance in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Measures are taken, for the aircrafts workers, to remain fit for their work and improve their performance in aviation. To keep fit, the aircraft workers should take regular meals consisting of a well balanced diet. The workers are recommended to take regular physical exercise thrice a week that is sufficient and twice the resting pulse rate for twenty minutes. In addition, the workers should be responsible for their health, avoid smoking, and practice safe alcohol intake that is recommended by the aviation regulations. Consequently, mental fitness of the workers is critical for superior performance in aviation. Stress and stress related factors are inevitable in life may lead to poor performance in aviation if not well managed. Stress results from deman ds to cope up with life situations or adjust to some changes in life or the environment. The results of stress if not well managed make individuals unfit for aviation work and thus lead to poor performance in aviation in various ways. At first, stress causes physiological and health disorders such as dryness of mouths, nausea, ulcers and insomnia amongst others that lead to reduced activity and poor performance in aviation (Garland, Wise, Hopkin, 1999, p. 58). Stress factors that lead to change in behavior that is indicated by lack of activity, loss of appetite, shaking and irresponsibility lead to poor performance in aviation due to reduced work output. Moreover, stress may cause poor concentration, loss of memory and indecision that lead to the occurrence of errors in aviation thus declining the performance. Depression, anxiety, moodiness, and aggression of the workers affect performance of their duties leading to decreased work output. Domestic stress that results from home-rel ated affairs such as marital problems amongst spouses, children, bereavement of family members, and friends preoccupy individuals’ minds leading to distractions and poor concentration during work. This leads to poor performance in aviation. Work related stress results from pressure to meet deadlines or poor work relationship that create conflicts at work. Night shift work creates stress to individuals if not well scheduled, as the night shift workers tend to have disturbed sleep during the day and few hours of sleep, unlike the daylight workers. The workers should adopt sleep strategies for night shift workers to ensure their fitness and stay alert at work during the day. Poor relationships of public within an organization may lead to stress to create an organizational culture thus poor organization leads to reduced performance in aviation.Advertising Looking for term paper on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Physiological fitness increases performance in aviation and can be created through stress management. To keep fit, individuals adopt relaxation techniques, such as listening to music and doing personal hobbies that boost performance in aviation (Lowry, 1999, p. 104). Besides, individuals should ensure that they have enough sleep and take well-balanced diet to increase their activity at work. Physical exercise helps to release fatigue, relax and increases personal activity thus vital in managing stress and increasing performance in aviation. Furthermore, counseling by colleagues, fellow workers, and professional counselors help to manage stress, keep physiologically fit, and increase performance in aviation. Arousal is another factor that indicates fitness for performance in aviation and work in general. Arousal refers to fitness of an individual to perform a given task (Garland, Wise, Hopkin, 1999, p. 62). For optimum performance in aviation, a certain level of stimulation or arou sal is required. The level of arousal varies from one person to another. Some people feel overloaded by multi-tasking while others perform well under pressure. There are different levels of arousal that determine the level of performance in aviation. First, there is under-aroused level that creates poor performance in aviation. Individuals who have low levels of arousal are not particularly active during the work due to complacency and dullness. The optimum level of arousal leads to increased performance in aviation because of increased activity and motivation to carry out given tasks. Lastly, there is over-arousal level that to some degree leads to poor performance in aviation, as the individuals tend to leave some tasks and focus on others. Over–arousal can be a sign of abuse of drugs, which cause stimulative and sedative effects. Moreover, sleep, fatigue, and shift work affect individual fitness and performance in aviation. Sleep occurs in cycles and changes in the sleep cycles due to night shift work and other external environmental factors affect the circadian rhythms of an individual. The physiological changes in the body, changes in behavior, and body functions have a regular cycle of circadian rhythm that indicates fitness of an individual. The circadian factors are not only controlled by the brain, but also by the physical environment factors such as changes in body temperature. The fitness of an individual determines how he or she adapts to the changes and thus affects performance of night shift workers in aviation. Consequently, the fitness of an individual for performance in aviation is affected by fatigue that can be either physiological or subjective. The physiological stress indicates body’s need for relaxation and refreshment. It is usually related to unfitness of an individual for work due to physical activity, changes of circadian rhythms, irresponsible health behaviors such as drinking, and smoking, and personal health. The physical stress can be managed by having sound sleep and a rest. Subjective fatigue is related to individual’s feeling being tired and sleepy that depends on the degree of motivation. Subjective fatigue leads to poor performance in aviation because of an individual feeling of extreme lack of activity. Fatigue affects the fitness of an individual for performance in aviation through various ways. First, fatigue leads to reduced perception of sight, sense of hearing and vision that lead to decreased performance in aviation. Problems of memory loss and slow reaction occur because of fatigue that affects fitness of an individual for performance in aviation. Moreover, stressed individuals are poor in making judgments and decisions that increase their chances of making mistakes thus leading to poor performance in aviation. Lastly, fatigue leads to reduced work standards due to changes in moods, reduced concentration, and memory loss. The fitness of an individual affects the time he or she take to sleep and thus affects performance in aviation for shift workers. The period for sleep varies with individuals with some individuals taking long hours to sleep while others take a shorter period (Stolzer, Harlford, Goglia, 2008, p. 98). Depending on the individual, lack of sleep leads to reduced performance in aviation because of increased chances to make mistakes due to sleepiness. On the other hand, healthy sleep ensures individuals are fit for work thus increases aviation in performance. Lastly, fitness in performance of an individual in aviation is affected use of medication and abuse of drugs. The abuse of alcohol leads to depression of the nervous system that causes blurred vision, loss of memory and body balance, and judgment that hinder performance in aviation. Moreover, the use of some medication whether prescribed or not should be carefully considered as it may affect work performance of aviation workers. The first dose of medication should take at least twenty-four hours before any task to minimize risk of hyperactivity. Furthermore, the abuse of drugs such as cocaine, bhang, and heroin impair the performance the brain that make individuals unfit for aviation activities that reduce performance in aviation. In conclusion, performance in aviation is dependent on physical and physiological fitness of an individual. Physical fitness leads to increased performance in aviation, which is attributed to increased activity, reduced fatigue, and mental alertness. Regular physical exercise and taking a well balanced diet are critical in maintaining physical fitness and increasing performance in aviation. Physiological fitness affects the decision-making process, activity of an individual, and orientation during flight. It is recommendable for individuals to ensure proper management of stress related factors, such as work overload, lack of sleep, and fatigue that lead to reduced performance in aviation. References Bibel, G. (2007). Beyond the Black Box: The Forensics of Airplane Crashes. Baltimore: JHU Press. Garland, J., Wise, A., Hopkin,V.,D. (1999). Handbook of Aviation Human Factor. London: Routledge. Lowry, T. (1999). Performance of Light Aircraft. Virginia: AIAA. Stolzer,J., Harlford,C., Goglia, J. (2008). Safety Management Systems in Aviation. Farnham : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

MACEDONIA - TRADITION AND CONT essays

MACEDONIA - TRADITION AND CONT essays MACEDONIA - TRADITION AND CONTEMPORANEITY Numerous books have been written about Macedonia. Collected together in an imaginary world library, they would occupy a space which would be awe-striking in its vastness and one could easily lose one's way strolling among the shelves, through the dark corridors of this labyrinth. Macedonian history has been interpreted in multitudinous different ways, from different aspects and viewpoints. It has been usurped, falsified, supplemented and altered. Frequently written by others, it has been adjusted to their interests. Mysterious cartographers and geographers have broadened and narrowed its borders, counted and recounted, wiped off and added place-names, measured and remeasured its mountains and rivers... The individuality of Macedonian culture has been disputed, the Macedonia word has been banned, and in the years of silence and oblivion things were given different names, difficult to pronounce and yet more difficult to remember. Statues of kings and gods have been demolished, old temples have been ruined, church walls have been smeared with thick layers of mortar and new saints have been painted on them. Old manuscripts have been burnt, the records and inscriptions on graves have been erased, entire libraries of books written in a language unintelligible to t he conquerors have been destroyed or carried away. In the dizzying depths of this destructive whirl the most significant creative achievements produced during the centuries in these areas have disappeared forever. Nonetheless, despite all attempts, despite the conquests and centuries-long domination, despite the merciless plundering and destruction, divisions and redivisions, migrations and deportations, and naming and renaming on the long path through time, the Macedonian people has preserved its individuality and the individuality of its culture. MILLENNIA UNDER EUROPE'S STARRY SKY Surrounded by high, almost impassable mounta...

World War One and its Aftermath, Extract from the Treaty of Versailles Essay

World War One and its Aftermath, Extract from the Treaty of Versailles (1919) - Essay Example notes, as does other writers in this field, that the chief architects instrumental in designing this peace deal – a deal which bashed Germany on the face and left her drop on a myriad of problems, acted so on pressure from the electorates of their respective nations. George Clemenceau- the French Prime Minister, Woodrow Wilson-the American President Vittorio Orlando-the Italian Prime Minister and David Lloyd- the British Prime Minister were the four members of council that deliberated on the peace deal. It is important to point out that Germany was excluded from the talks and their fate was determined by the council of four2. Kitchen seems to employ a neutral ground rather than that of criticism in his articulation of facts and opinions. He appears not to be holding belligerent views with other writers on this topic but instead, concurs to a larger extent with what is in other texts. His focus is on a sober audience who intends to find out historical facts free from personal prejudice and judgment, something, which I believe, is the underlying drive for this work. One exception though, he doesn’t seem to agree with those who are quick to blame the Versailles treaty as the direct cause of world war two. He instead has Hitler and his limitless ambitions to blame. The culmination of the bloody war which had far reaching effects on nations and humanity, which defied definitive calculation, came to a halt with the signing of the peace agreement on 28th of June 1919 in Paris, France. This was the peace treaty with Germany.3 Best 1984 p2 ,points out that there were other lesser treaties with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey. The former, he confirms, was crafted by the four council members while the latter was left to the government officials and inter-Allied agencies. What then were the outcomes of the Versailles Treaty? There is a general consensus in the works of many writers that the end result of the treaty was nothing to be desired by the Germans.

Time for Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Time for Change - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that one of the superlative ways to alter the behavior of leaders is to evaluate it frequently with open, honest and unidentified opinion from co-workers. Doctors find this step problematic. They have been partied to be self-governing decision fabricators and to not question their or other doctors decision. To improve self-knowledge, they have to let go of this attitude and model a new receptiveness and candidness to effort. Devoid of such an attitude, they will have mammoth blind spots that inhibit them from seeing and replicating on their own conduct and will undergo substantial stress as they fail to comprehend how they add to the problem. According to the book, The New Leadership Challenges the  type of behavior being  emulated by nursing staff is  another  factor;  the  one  thing  ignored by  most  people is  the  ability  to make choices that  humans have.  In the light, therefore, the behavior being exemp lified should be in line with the nursing code of ethics, social and cultural morals (religion included), and an individual’s personal principles. It is possible for some employees to fail to learn or simply not to adhere to some rules because they are unethical, restraining in nature or they just do not have it in them to do well and follow rules.

Critical Thinking and Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Thinking and Writing - Essay Example The use of first person in the poem informs the purpose of and the message carried by the poem. By referring to her personal self, the author draws the line between â€Å"it’s about me† and â€Å"it’s not about me.† If the author had presented the poem in third person, the subject matter of the poem would have been different from what is communicated in first person. In this respect, presenting the poem in first person best suits the intention of the author with regard to the underlying message in the poem. Audience to this poem can be diverse and dynamic. In light of enjoying the poem more, however, groups that need motivation and inspiration constitute a perfect audience. Such groups could be persons seeking employment positions, especially in fields that require direct relations and interactions with diverse communities. Social workers for example would enjoy this poem most. This is due to the nature of their professional duties, which are directly executed in community

Plato and Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Plato and Aristotle Essay Plato the great Greek classical philosopher lived between c. 427 and c. 347 BC. Plato together with his mentor, Socrates, and Aristotle (384-322 BC) are credited with helping lay the foundations of Western philosophy. Plato was a student of Socrates and the unjust death of Socrates by execution is thought to have profoundly affected influenced him. Plato would later write in his dialogues the teachings of Socrates. Besides philosophizing, Plato was also a mathematician who helped show the distinction between pure and applied mathematics. Plato also founded what is thought to be the first institution of higher learning in Western world, the Academy, in Athens. Plato was a sophisticated writer and this is evident in the dialogues. The dialogues have continued to be used to teach philosophy, logic, rhetoric and mathematics. Indeed Plato’s philosophy has influenced so many, but not necessarily likeminded individuals and they include Plato’s student and his greatest critic, Aristotle, Plotinus, Philo, St. Augustine, Avicenna, St. Bonaventure, Hegel, to name just but a few. The Christian Church was highly inspired and informed by Platonism. The Cambridge Platonists were so named because of the indelible mark Plato had left in their scholarly lives. Some other philosophers like Friedrich Nietzsche together with his followers would attack Plato teachings. The list is endless. Plato wielded so much influence and this drove Alfred North Whitehead to observe famously: â€Å"All Western philosophy consists of footnotes of Plato. At the heart of Platonism is the theory of forms, which will you find with much surprise that Plato only deals with it almost in passing in his dialogues. Nevertheless the theory has come to be a tool that can help us understand Plato’s approach to ethics and metaphysics, aesthetics and epistemology. Plato developed the theory in his middle-period dialogues like Phaedo, Symposium, and Republic and then later criticized it himself in Parmenides (Brickhouse and Smith, 2008). The theory is an explanation of Plato’s belief that there exists an immaterial Universe of ‘forms’, or perfect aspects of everyday things such as table, bird, ideas/emotions, joy, action, etc (uororegon. edu/plato. html, par. 3). This means that the objects and the ideas in our material world are mere shadows of the forms. To be able to understand the theory of forms better we first need to understand what forms as Plato viewed them. A form is a conceptual property or quality. If you can take an object and then separate that object and consider it by itself then it is form you are contemplating. If we could use the example of a basketball, separate its roundness from its color, its weight, and perhaps its texture and then think just of its roundness, this is the form of roundness. And as Plato put it the roundness exists apart from the basketball and in a different mode of existence than it. Form is not only the idea of roundness you have in the mind, form exists independently of the basketball and also independently of whether someone thinks of it. This applies to all round things, not just basketball. They participate or copy the form of roundness. Forms differ from material objects because of the properties they have. The first property of forms is that they are transcendent and unlike material things do not exist in time and space. A basketball exists at a particular place and at a particular time. The basketball’s roundness form does not exist in space and this would explain why they are unchanging. A form like roundness will never change and it does even exist in time. It remains the same at all times and at all places. You can instantiate a form in any different place or time and it will still be the same. Even if all objects that are round are destroyed the property of roundness would still exist. The other property of forms is that they are pure i. e. hey are properties separated from all other properties (Ryle, par. 7). To use the example of basketball still, we will notice that it is composed of many properties apart from the roundness and this include ballness, orangeness, elasticity, etc, and all are put together to make one basketball. Therefore there are many forms existing by themselves, apart from time and space. Roundness is just pure roundness and so is orangeness. Forms are different from material objects because they are transcendent and pure. Forms can also be understood as being archetypes. This is means that they are the perfect examples of the property they represent, they are the perfect demonstration upon which all material objects are based. Forms are also Ultimately Real entities. Every material object is a copy of a collection of forms. The other thing to note about forms is that they are Causes meaning they give explanations of why things are the way they are and they are also the source or origin of the being of things ( Banach, par 11). The last aspect of forms is that they are Systematically Interconnected. This is to say that forms encompass a system starting from the form of the Good moving from more general to more particular – from more objective to more subjective The general structure Plato’s argument goes like this: we do believe that the more objective a concept is, the more real the thing it represents. This we do by using objectivity to distinguish appearance from reality. So the more objective you get, the more real you get. Plato’s second premise is that forms are more objective than material objects. This leads to the conclusion that forms are more real than objects. Plato says that the world we perceive with our senses often deceives us, a phenomenon that would not be present if the world and the objects we perceive with our senses were real. It appears that all the objects we perceive are simply images or experiences of our mind. They are subjective points of view for real things. The world we see is not the real world but its image and it is difficult to ascertain at what level of observation we get in touch with the real objects that make up the world. So we are forced to assume that the more objective the concept of description is the more real the object it describes. Through what is called dialectic process we combine many different points of view to achieve a more objective description that accommodates all the other common points of view. For Plato therefore real objects cannot be the subjective images we perceive. The everyday material objects like chairs, tables, trees, are different in that they take into account all of the subjective images we form of a single object. But we should not take this as the real object because: we can only get in contact with these objects through subjective image. They also contain many different properties that are combined. Lastly, these objects are always changing. As such the only level that things really exist is at the level of single properties removed from particular objects. What we perceive of the world are subjective perspectives and unless there are forms, it would appear that some aspect of relativism is true. Relativism holds that every thing in existence is subject to a subjective view of truth, beauty, truth and justice. Plato disputed relativism saying most of the times we objectively discuss and argue about concepts like beauty, truth and justice and as such this dialectic process helps us understand them better. So if there forms of beauty, truth and justice then it is possible to objectively criticize subjective points of view about these things. Plato writes that forms approximate forms. As such the form of beauty is perfect beauty and the form of justice is perfect justice. Conceiving of Forms in this way was important to Plato because it enabled the philosopher who grasps the entities to be best able to judge to what extent sensible instances of the Forms are good examples of the Forms they approximate (Philosophyprofessor. com, 2008) Theory of forms can aid an individual make judgments of good and bad, better or worse by participating or copying the attributes of the all the good practices around us. If we understand the concept of something we can also tell if the concept is one that we should aspire to. Teleology is the study of goals, ends, and purposes. Telos means â€Å"end† or â€Å"purpose†. A person holding a teleological world view believes that the end of things provides meaning for all that has happened or that will occur. If one holds that history has a timeline with a beginning and end, in a teleological view of the world, then the meaning and value of all historical events is derived from their ends or purposes. Aristotle, Plato’s student, is the leading proponent of the teleological view (Hooker, par. 1). In giving his four causes (aitia) for things, Aristotle lists the end/purpose for which the thing was made as the most important. Aristotle conducted a causal investigation of a specific department of reality which result in causal knowledge. Causal knowledge is the knowledge of appropriate causes. Aristotle emphasized the concept of cause and this explains why his theory causality is sometimes referred to as the doctrine of four causes. According to Aristotle, what cause is, and how many types causes there are, is what is key to a successful investigation of the world around (plato. tanford. edu/entries/aristotle-causality, 2008) Aristotle says that we can deduce that we have knowledge of a thing if only we have grasped its cause, or its why. Aristotle provides a general account of the four causes. It is a general account because it is applicable to everything requiring an explanation and even includes artistic productions and human actions. In Aristotle theory of causality, there are four types of causes that can be used to answer a why-question. These are: 1. The material cause, or â€Å"that out of which†, the bronze of a statue . The formal cause, or â€Å"the form†, â€Å"the account of what-it-is-to-be†, the shape of a statue 3. The efficient cause, or â€Å"the primary source of the change or rest†, the artist, the art of bronze-casting the statue. 4. The final cause, or â€Å"the end, that for the sake of which a thing is done†. (plato. stanford. edu/entries/aristotle-causality, 2008) The four causes can all explain something. The start of the making of the bronze statue until it is finished can be explained by all the four causes. The efficient cause in the production of the statue requires to be elaborated in that Aristotle thought the art of bronze-casting should be picked over the artist who has mastered the art as the appropriate specification for the efficient cause. Aristotle chooses to do this because he is trying to provide an explanation of statue production which does not make reference to the desires or beliefs or intentions of an artist. The four causes all offer a teleological explanation for the production of a bronze statue. The type of teleological explanation provided above does not depend on such psychological concepts as desires, beliefs and intentions. This is because Aristotle wanted a model that could also be used to investigate nature. Some people have tried to point out that Aristotle tries to explain nature using an inappropriate psychological model, a model that has a purposive agent that is sensitive to the end. But this assertion can be countered by saying that Aristotle does not â€Å"psychologize† nature because his inquiry is a teleological model free from the psychological factors. Aristotle does not always disqualify the beliefs and desires. In the case of the production of the bronze statue, one may be interested in a particular bronze statue because it could be the great achievement of an artisan who has mastered the art and applied it distinctively. In this case it is in order to include the beliefs and desires of the artist. Aristotle causal theory is not only used to explain nature but can to explain many other areas that make up the human existence. It certainly can help us make good judgments concerning the good and bad. This is true if we can think up the four causes before we do or say anything. The four causes can act as guide to all we do and say, we can also use the four causes to determine the usefulness of something. If every time we think of the purpose or the goal of something we can certainly be able to tell if it is a good idea or a bad one before we do it. As such we will be in a position to make sound judgments. When we compare Plato’s theory of forms and Aristotle theory of causality what possibly is the difference or the similarity of the judgment that one can make? Plato’s theory is based on concepts that we do not see but are in existence; as such we should aspire to these qualities. In instances where we need to make just judgments we should be guided by what we know as perfect justice. It would appear that Plato’s theory of forms would be problematic in dealing with many problems of the world since we are required to transcend it. Aristotle’s four causes on the other hand seems more suited to us. It is easy to grasp and it is easy to determine the causal reality. Plato’s theory of forms is good only in as far as it is being handled by person with better understanding of how it really works. This is then means it cannot be used by everybody except those schooled in philosophy. Aristotle’s teleological explanation of the world is very applicable in the world today and in fact almost every in the society can use it. It is a just a matter of thinking what an action will achieve, the end. So the Aristotle’s teleology is more or less available to the general population than Plato’s theory of forms where they will have to conceptualize things.

The Role Of Multidisciplinary Working

The Role Of Multidisciplinary Working This essay will relate to an observation of professional social work practice in a Crisis Centre, for people with mental health issues who require support, and short-term accommodation, with the goal of returning home or to a new environment. This essay will focus upon the role of multi disciplinary collaboration regarding the Crisis Centre staff, and Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team (CRHTT), and to discuss why collaboration appears to play an important and fundamental role within social work practice. The essay will also aim to demonstrate good practice and possible strengths and weaknesses of multidisciplinary working. Within the field of social work practice it does seem evident that multidisciplinary working is work undertaken jointly by workers and professionals from different disciplines or occupations (Pearson Thomas, 2010:342) and has evolved at varying speeds over the past 30 years, in response to imperatives of central government. (What evidence)?Evidence suggests that the area mental health was among the first professions to adopt teams of workers from different professions, and the Community Mental Health Team is widely regarded as the model for multidisciplinary working (Community Care, 2010). It seems that , in relation to social work, the distinctive quality that has to be demonstrated is anti discriminatory practice and a holistic approach, by working with a range of situations and people having an attribute for developing multidisciplinary and partnerships (Higham,2006:). The Crisis Centre that has been observed is run by a Local Council,Can u not say Liverpool and is a National Health Service Trust based in the community. The centre also corresponds (look up meaning in dictionary)does this word apply here.-The centre works within the or to the guidelines set down in the with the 1975 White Paper entitled Better Services for Mentally Ill. This highlights the importance of professions, working together to provide a community based service (Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE), 2010) demonstrating that collaboration is fundamental to social work. The Crisis Centre provides beds for adults suffering from mental health issues who have been referred to them from the CRHTT, for instance by referral from their Doctor or health department. The next step is to complete an assessment in line with local authority guidelines and procedures, then produce a care plan and risk assessment. If they decided the service user is in crisis and cannot return home co ntact will be made to the Crisis Centre. Average sentence length is 15/20 words long.Have a look at yours. CRHTT use numerous ways and methods of contact to inform social workers, such as, E-mail, telephone calls and home visits. This can demonstrate collaboration through good practice and communication which is essential to social work. Effective collaboration between staff at the front-line is a crucial ingredient in delivering the governments broader goals of partnership between services (Whittington, 2003). Also, in the audit commission 2002 it seemed evident that service users who seem to require social workers, will, and can, collaborate with other professionals to provide appropriate service. During this observation multidisciplinary working was witnessed between the Crisis Centre staff, and the CRHTT regarding a service user in the centre through a telephone call. The CRHTT seemed to be following the National Occupational Standards key roles section three, by supporting the individual, representing their needs, views and circumstances by acting as an advocate (Higham 2006: 98) and had been informing the Crisis Centre of what was happening. The Crisis Centre staff asked questions in a way that was treating the service user as an individual, by listening to their individual case, respecting and maintaining dignity by only asking questions relevant to the Crisis Centres needs and criteria. Staff spoke clearly and discussed the dynamics of other service users (respecting confidentiality) already in the centre, declaring any conflict or positive interactions that had arisen since their last visit (General Social Care Centre (GSCC), 2010).These skills are seen as fundamental t o social work practice as they are valuing the individual and provide a holistic approach. This will also ensure the social worker is not using their power in an inappropriate way. Furthermore, in the 1990s the New Labour government recognised that problems cannot be addressed by people and organisations working in isolation. As a result the Department of Health (DH) (1998) intruded the White Paper Modernising Social Services, which had multidisciplinary working as a key objective (Wilson, et al. 2008:388). The DH (2000) No Secrets legislation actively promoted that multidisciplinary teams will empower, and promote, well-being of vulnerable adults through the services they provide and the need to act in a way which supports the rights of the individual to lead independence (DH, 2000). DH No Secrets (2000) legislation was carried out by the service user, Crisis Centre and CRHTT via staff communicating throughout the day, and providing an environment where service users can come and go freely, yet still have support during their crisis. An example of encouraging independence was allowing the service user to cook and clean for them selves. Ryans (2010) evaluation of Crisis Centre and CRHTT asked service users what they valued best about their stay. Their responses included I was on the lowest rung of the ladder in terms of depression and self esteem. Now I can cook and iron. It has restored my get up and go and it is given me a sense of life back and helped me to find myself. I could not have gone on any longer. Staff have taught me to cope better and manage my panic attacks. This seemed to demonstrate partnership working with the service user and multidisciplinary working. The 2006 White Paper Our Health, Our Care, Our Say emphasises the importance of people having more control over their lives and access to responsive, preventative services by working together in multidisciplinary teams (DH, 2006). The Crisis Centre appears to fulfil this.(Empowerment) u could mention this if u think it would help Throughout the day through discussions, and observations, it appeared that the Crisis Centre staff and CRHTT encouraged emancipatory practice by involving the service user in their support. This shows good practice and also that staff were not routinized as each day was different, for example, they discussed how each individual was unique. If social workers become oppressed by working in routines this does not always benefit the service user, it is not good practice and is not fundamental to social work values.Who says this An example of this was observed when a member of the CRHTT came to the Crisis Centre and completed a visit with a service user. During her visit she was contacted from her office through telephone calls, one of which was a new service user needing to be assessed urgently. She had to re-evaluate her cases as the new referral seemed more of a priority. She did this by speaking to her manager on the telephone and re -arranging for another colleague to see her service user, then asked the office to let the service user know about this change showing collaboration, good practice. This commitment demonstrates multidisciplinary working and partnership working with the service users are fundamental and collaboration is needed for social work and the interpretation from the staff involved demonstrates good practice. Collaborative working is required by government. To show partnership working with service users in the Crisis Centre, Ryan (2010) Is this reference in the right place or should it be after-required by Government . asked service users how they felt about staff. Service users responses included any questions or anything you are upset over, you can go and ask the staff and staff are very supportive and helpful. Social work is about working with people to help them sort their own problems out. Kaggs read this highlighted part again, does it sound right, were u sleepy This essay has aimed to demonstrate positive multidisciplinary working through observation at the Crisis Centre. However, it appears that multidisciplinary working can be negative and dysfunctional. When a group of diverse people with varied skills come together into a team, things do not always go accordingly (Community Care, 2010). Cree (2003) cites multidisciplinary working can also be positive, but also frustrating and isolating (Dalrymple Burke, 2006). Wilson, et al. (2008) agrees multidisciplinary working does not always work effectively and as a result failures have been documented, such as, Victoria Climbie enquiry and Baby Peter. In addition Thompson (2005) believes multidisciplinary can also appear to do more harm than good and can make situations worse. During the day it was bought to attention through a staff handover that one of the service users in the Crisis Centre had experienced a negative experience of multidisciplinary working. Consequently, this seemed due to the breakdown of communication between, his social worker, CRHTT, Crisis Centre staff and medical staff. According to Thompson (2009) without effective communication the notion of multidisciplinary becomes unobtainable. Staff at the Crisis Centre believed it was due to lack of budgets and lack of communication. During this handover reflective practice was witnessed and as a team they spoke about what, why and how things had gone wrong for the service user and how they could approach the situation to get the best outcome. Staff at the Crisis Centre spoke about how they valued supervision meetings as it gave them chance to voice any concerns they had and gave the manger chance to deal with any systematic practice that was leading staff to become unfocused (Thompson and T hompson, 2008). Supervision meetings demonstrate good practice and are part of social work codes of practice to develop through opportunities to strengthen skills and knowledge. This essay has demonstrated through observation the important of working with other professionals as one person cannot solve another persons problems alone (Thompson and Thompson, 2008). Also that multidisciplinary working is integral for social workers and many other professionals. This essay has aimed to provide a balanced outlook on multidisciplinary working as it demonstrated positive points, as working with other professionals by pooling skills together is essential. Correct use of legislation and commitment to social work practice can all enrich a service users life. Problems do occur though when multidisciplinary teams do not always communicate effectively and this can be frustrating. Through observation it became apparent that lots of people contributed to multidisciplinary teams and showed that collaboration, good practice and communication were not always ideally used within practice.